{"id":14101,"date":"2019-11-28T07:55:02","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T12:55:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irpp.org\/?post_type=research-studies&#038;p=14101"},"modified":"2019-11-27T14:44:05","modified_gmt":"2019-11-27T19:44:05","slug":"constitutional-law-and-the-politics-of-carbon-pricing-in-canada","status":"publish","type":"research-studies","link":"https:\/\/irpp.org\/fr\/research-studies\/constitutional-law-and-the-politics-of-carbon-pricing-in-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"Constitutional Law and the Politics of Carbon Pricing in Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Selon la Constitution canadienne, \u00e0 quel(s) ordre(s) de gouvernement revient-il de r\u00e9glementer les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES) ? C\u2019est une question politique particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9pineuse pour le Canada. La n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de GES pour stabiliser les temp\u00e9ratures du globe rallie les scientifiques. Mais \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 la grande variation des \u00e9missions par habitant selon les provinces et territoires du Canada, la r\u00e9partition des efforts de r\u00e9duction rev\u00eat une importance cl\u00e9. Notamment pour l\u2019Alberta et la Saskatchewan, ces efforts constituent un d\u00e9fi \u00e9conomique majeur.<\/p>\n<p>Ottawa a adopt\u00e9 la <em>Loi sur la tarification de la pollution caus\u00e9e par les gaz \u00e0 effet de serre <\/em>(LTPCGES) en vue de r\u00e9duire les GES. L\u2019Alberta, l\u2019Ontario et la Saskatchewan ont d\u00e9pos\u00e9 des contestations constitutionnelles de la loi aupr\u00e8s de la Cour supr\u00eame, qui entendra ces deux derni\u00e8res provinces en mars 2020 dans le cadre du renvoi relatif \u00e0 la LTPCGES. La pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude analyse la dimension politique de ces contestations et les questions de droit qu\u2019elles soul\u00e8vent.<\/p>\n<p>La LTPCGES fixe un prix plancher pour le carbone \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle du pays, aussi appel\u00e9 \u00ab mod\u00e8le f\u00e9d\u00e9ral \u00bb. Les provinces ou territoires qui ne respectent pas ce mod\u00e8le peuvent se voir imposer par Ottawa un \u00ab filet de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00bb comprenant deux \u00e9l\u00e9ments : une redevance sur les combustibles fossiles et un syst\u00e8me de plafonnement et d\u2019\u00e9change pour les grands \u00e9metteurs industriels. La redevance s\u2019applique \u00e0 tous les combustibles livr\u00e9s, utilis\u00e9s ou import\u00e9s dans une province. Le syst\u00e8me de plafonnement et d\u2019\u00e9change fixe un prix sur la pollution par le carbone (\u00e9quivalant \u00e0 la norme f\u00e9d\u00e9rale) \u00e0 chaque entreprise non assujettie \u00e0 la redevance pour sa part d\u2019\u00e9missions au-dessus de la limite de l\u2019installation. Apr\u00e8s avoir impos\u00e9 ce filet au Manitoba, au Nouveau-Brunswick, \u00e0 l\u2019Ontario et \u00e0 la Saskatchewan, Ottawa entend faire de m\u00eame pour l\u2019Alberta.<\/p>\n<p>Selon l\u2019auteur de l\u2019\u00e9tude, Sujit Choudhry, la constitutionnalit\u00e9 de la LTPCGES semble solide. Mais il estime que l\u2019argument jusqu\u2019ici d\u00e9fendu par le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral n\u2019est pas assez convaincant. Ottawa soutient que les \u00e9missions de GES constituent une \u00ab pr\u00e9occupation nationale \u00bb relevant de la disposition POBG (\u00ab paix, ordre et bon gouvernement \u00bb) de la Constitution. Cet argument a d\u2019ailleurs \u00e9t\u00e9 rejet\u00e9 par les 10 juges des cours d\u2019appel de l\u2019Ontario et de la Saskatchewan qui l\u2019ont examin\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Ottawa devrait plut\u00f4t d\u00e9fendre la constitutionnalit\u00e9 de sa loi en invoquant le pouvoir f\u00e9d\u00e9ral en mati\u00e8re de POBG, qui l\u2019autorise \u00e0 r\u00e9glementer le risque syst\u00e9mique que pr\u00e9sentent les \u00e9missions de GES en autoalimentant la boucle de r\u00e9troaction du r\u00e9chauffement plan\u00e9taire. Celui-ci deviendra irr\u00e9versible au-del\u00e0 d\u2019un certain seuil et entra\u00eenera de graves cons\u00e9quences pour l\u2019avenir de la plan\u00e8te. Pour se montrer vraiment persuasif, Ottawa devra toutefois s\u2019armer de preuves fond\u00e9es sur les derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es de la recherche scientifique.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ottawa doit renforcer sa position sur la tarification du carbone en vue des audiences de la Cour supr\u00eame.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":14096,"template":"","meta":{"content-type":""},"categories":[91,90],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14101","research-studies","type-research-studies","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured-research-study-fr","category-home-main-feature-fr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ottawa doit renforcer sa position sur la tarification du carbone en vue des audiences de la Cour supr\u00eame.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irpp.org\/fr\/research-studies\/constitutional-law-and-the-politics-of-carbon-pricing-in-canada\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Constitutional Law and the Politics of Carbon Pricing in Canada - 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